WEBVTT

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The previous video, The Shroud of

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Turin, Proof of Authenticity Beyond Reasonable

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Doubt, covered several lines of evidence

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that together make a compelling case

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in favour of the Shroud being

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the true burial cloth of Jesus

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Christ.

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However, all this evidence has been

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completely overshadowed by the radiocarbon

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dating

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of the Shroud in

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This single scientific test achieved more

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publicity than all the other research

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combined, and to the dismay of

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Christians around the world, the test

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concluded that the clock dated from

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the period AD to

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AD.

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Professor Hall of Oxford University, who

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announced the result, made his views

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very clear, saying, there was a

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multi-million pound business in making

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forgeries

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during the 14th century.

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Someone just got a bit of

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linen, faked it up, and flogged

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it.

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This test was a defining moment

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in the debate over the shroud's

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authenticity, but concerns quickly grew among

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some scientists.

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There were claims that the radiocarbon

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dating project had fallen short of

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acceptable scientific standards in almost every

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part of the process, including initial

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planning, removal of the sample, running

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the radiocarbon tests, and result analysis

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and reporting.

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Indeed, art historian Thomas de Wesselow

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would later state that, the carbon

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dating of the shroud will probably

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go down in history as one

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of the greatest fiascos in the

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history of science.

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On the face of it, this

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is an outrageous claim, but I'll

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cover some of the concerns raised

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by this test shortly, so you

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can decide whether this harsh assessment

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was justified.

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In the meantime, in case you

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don't know how radiocarbon dating works,

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here's a short explanation.

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Most carbon atoms have a nucleus

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containing protons and neutrons,

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which adds up to particles

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and so scientists refer to it

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as carbon-12.

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High in the atmosphere, cosmic rays

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from the Sun are constantly colliding

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with molecules, knocking protons off some

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atoms and neutrons off others.

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When one of these neutrons strikes

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a nitrogen atom, which has

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protons and neutrons, it can

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dislodge a proton to create a

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carbon atom with protons and neutrons.

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This adds up to particles, 14

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so it's referred to as carbon-14.

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Carbon-14 behaves just like a carbon-12

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atom.

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For example, it can combine with

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oxygen to form carbon dioxide, but

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it has one key difference.

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It's unstable.

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Every years, 5,730 half of these

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atoms decay to form nitrogen.

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After another years, 5,730 half the

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remaining carbon-14 atoms will have also

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decayed, and so on.

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Carbon is present in the cells

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of every living thing, and all

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plants, including flax, which was used

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to make the linen for the

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shroud, get their carbon from the

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atmosphere by absorbing carbon dioxide.

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When flax is harvested to be

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made into linen, it stops absorbing

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carbon dioxide, and so the number

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of carbon-14 atoms gradually reduces through

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decay, whilst the number of stable

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carbon-12 atoms stays the same.

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Radiocarbon laboratories are able to count

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the relative numbers of carbon-14 and

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carbon-12 atoms using highly complex and

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sensitive equipment.

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And this is how they work

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out the age of historical items

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such as an ancient piece of

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cloth.

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So let's return to the

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radiocarbon test of the Shroud.

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This test was in fact first

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proposed four years earlier by the

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Shroud of Turin research project team,

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commonly abbreviated to STIRP, whose scientists

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had already studied the Shroud in

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great detail in

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They submitted a proposal to the

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Vatican requesting new tests on

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the Shroud, one of which was

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a radiocarbon dating test.

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The proposal was approved by Cardinal

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Ratzinger, who later became Pope Benedict

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XVI, and in the months that

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followed, several planning meetings took place.

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These involved representatives from the

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Vatican,

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as well as experts from various

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fields including archaeology and textiles,

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scientists

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from the Shroud of Turin project,

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and several radiocarbon dating laboratories.

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They agreed a protocol for conducting

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the radiocarbon test, which included the

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following key principles.

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seven laboratories would be involved.

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Two different methods of carbon dating

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would be used, a widely used

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and proven technique, and a new

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method which was less well established

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but had the advantage of needing

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much smaller samples.

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The tests would be supervised and

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coordinated by Dr Michael Tite of

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the British Museum.

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Shroud samples would be taken from

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at least three different areas of

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the cloth,

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The Shroud of Turin project scientists,

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who had previously studied the Shroud

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in detail, would select and cut

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the sample.

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Each of the laboratories would test

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fragments of the Shroud, plus two

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control samples.

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The test supervisor would know the

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age of these control samples, and

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so by getting the laboratories to

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test these alongside the Shroud fragments,

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he could check the accuracy of

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the dating process being used in

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each laboratory.

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A blind test approach would be

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adopted.

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The samples to be dated would

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be indistinguishable from each other, so

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that the laboratories running the tests

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wouldn't know which was the shroud

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and which were the controls.

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The laboratories would maintain strict secrecy,

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informing no one of the results,

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except those authorised by the British

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Museum.

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And the laboratories would conduct tests

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concurrently and without exchanging

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information.

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Three institutions, the British Museum, the

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Metrological Institute of Turin, and the

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Pontifical Academy of Sciences would

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statistically

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analyse the experimental results.

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And finally, after the results had

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been analysed, these organisations will meet

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with the radiocarbon labs to agree

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the final result for communication to

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the Vatican.

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They may have reached agreement on

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these protocols, but this wasn't a

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harmonious group.

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The radiocarbon team seemed to regard

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any other scientific test as relevant,

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and were seen by the other

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scientists as being motivated mainly by

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the publicity and funding opportunities that

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dating this renowned cloth would bring

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to their laboratories.

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The radiocarbon scientists were also suspicious

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of the Shroud of Churin Project

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scientists, who they saw as religious

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zealots, perhaps due to their previous

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work on the Shroud having pointed

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towards its authenticity.

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Indeed, Harry Gove, the Radio Carbon

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Group's unofficial spokesman, was determined to

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exclude them completely, claiming that, almost

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without exception, they were people who

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honestly believe it's Christ's shroud.

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It's a well-known fact that scientists

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can produce whatever result they want.

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If you believe that passionately in

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something, you can steer the results.

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My God, we've all been guilty

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of that.

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Now that's quite an admission.

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After some persistent and effective lobbying,

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Harry Gove and his colleagues got

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their way.

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The only test to be taken

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forward was the radiocarbon test, and

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in addition to dropping the other

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studies proposed by the Shroud of

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Turin project team, it was decided

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that they wouldn't even be involved

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in choosing or removing the test

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samples.

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A strange decision, given that these

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very scientists were uniquely qualified for

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this role, having studied every inch

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of the Shroud in detail.

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Very quickly, other key aspects of

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the agreed test protocol fell by

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the wayside.

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Vatican officials decided to allow only

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one area to be sampled, despite

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warnings from the radiocarbon scientists and

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archaeologists that a minimum of three

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areas must be sampled if the

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result is to be trusted.

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Then in May came 1987 the

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announcement that only three laboratories,

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those

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based in Arizona, Oxford and Zurich,

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would perform the test, all used

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in the newer and less established

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method of carbon dating.

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To the disappointment and anger of

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Harry Gove, his Rochester laboratory was

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one of the four which would

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no longer be involved.

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This was quite an ironic twist,

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given he'd played a leading role

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in getting the shroud of Turin

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project scientists removed from the process.

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So the test hadn't yet begun,

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and already four key components of

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the agreed protocol had been abandoned.

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The process of taking the sample

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from the shroud created even more

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controversy.

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The removal took place in Turin

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Cathedral on the 21st of April in the presence of

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test

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supervisor Michael Tite, a delegation from

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the Catholic Church headed by Cardinal

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Ballestrero, representatives from the three

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carbon

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dating laboratories, photographers and a camera

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crew who were there to document

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all stages of the operation.

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Also present were two textile specialists

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whose role was to choose the

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best place to take the sample

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from.

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But their credibility as experts was

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tainted somewhat when one of them

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pointed to the bloodstain caused by

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the wound in the side and

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asked, what's that large brown patch?

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Eventually they chose to cut a

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fragment from a corner which had

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been frequently handled and stretched over

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the years during expositions of the

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shroud.

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It was also close to where

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the cloth had been burnt away

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during a fire in AD,

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and it had been stained when

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the water used to put out

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that fire left deposits of dust,

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blood and other contaminants on that

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area of the cloth.

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In fact, it's hard to imagine

00:10:41.900 --> 00:10:42.980 align:center
how they could have chosen a

00:10:43.260 --> 00:10:45.781 align:center
less suitable place for radiocarbon dating.

00:10:51.422 --> 00:10:53.322 align:center
Three pieces of the removed fragment,

00:10:54.063 --> 00:10:55.303 align:center
one for each laboratory,

00:10:56.141 --> 00:10:57.762 align:center
were then cut out and weighed,

00:10:58.543 --> 00:11:00.064 align:center
but as one was smaller than

00:11:00.084 --> 00:11:02.266 align:center
the other two, an extra piece

00:11:02.326 --> 00:11:04.427 align:center
was shaved off to ensure that

00:11:04.527 --> 00:11:07.029 align:center
each laboratory received about milligrams

00:11:07.089 --> 00:11:07.770 align:center
of material.

00:11:09.151 --> 00:11:10.972 align:center
The leftover piece was retained and

00:11:11.032 --> 00:11:11.893 align:center
kept in reserve.

00:11:15.676 --> 00:11:17.638 align:center
Three fragments were also cut from

00:11:17.678 --> 00:11:19.519 align:center
each of the control samples, but

00:11:19.639 --> 00:11:21.881 align:center
these had an orthogonal weave pattern

00:11:22.301 --> 00:11:23.982 align:center
that was very different to the

00:11:24.022 --> 00:11:25.924 align:center
herringbone pattern of the shroud sample.

00:11:27.486 --> 00:11:29.687 align:center
Rather than unravel them all so

00:11:29.727 --> 00:11:31.368 align:center
that no one running the test

00:11:31.568 --> 00:11:33.649 align:center
was aware of this distinction, these

00:11:33.749 --> 00:11:36.010 align:center
fabrics were left whole, making it

00:11:36.130 --> 00:11:38.711 align:center
easy to distinguish the shroud sample

00:11:38.811 --> 00:11:39.732 align:center
from the controls.

00:11:40.412 --> 00:11:42.613 align:center
This meant that the protocol requiring

00:11:42.673 --> 00:11:45.415 align:center
blind test procedures had effectively been

00:11:45.475 --> 00:11:45.955 align:center
abandoned.

00:11:47.759 --> 00:11:50.901 align:center
Cardinal Ballestrero, his scientific advisor,

00:11:50.941 --> 00:11:51.341 align:center
Professor

00:11:51.381 --> 00:11:54.222 align:center
Luigi Ganella, and Michael Tite, then

00:11:54.282 --> 00:11:56.043 align:center
moved into an adjacent room where

00:11:56.063 --> 00:11:58.065 align:center
the shroud fragments and the control

00:11:58.125 --> 00:12:00.146 align:center
samples brought by Tite were wrapped

00:12:00.206 --> 00:12:01.927 align:center
in foil and placed in specially

00:12:01.967 --> 00:12:05.148 align:center
prepared and numbered metal cylinders, which

00:12:05.188 --> 00:12:06.309 align:center
were to be given to each

00:12:06.349 --> 00:12:07.490 align:center
of the three laboratories.

00:12:09.791 --> 00:12:10.991 align:center
Although it had been agreed in

00:12:11.031 --> 00:12:12.572 align:center
a meeting earlier that year that

00:12:12.592 --> 00:12:14.273 align:center
they would film all aspects of

00:12:14.333 --> 00:12:15.434 align:center
the sampling operation,

00:12:16.181 --> 00:12:18.002 align:center
This critical part of the process

00:12:18.042 --> 00:12:21.204 align:center
was not filmed, which meant that

00:12:21.244 --> 00:12:23.125 align:center
there was no video record to

00:12:23.185 --> 00:12:25.527 align:center
verify which samples had been placed

00:12:25.847 --> 00:12:26.907 align:center
into each container.

00:12:29.129 --> 00:12:30.590 align:center
And there was another surprise when

00:12:30.630 --> 00:12:32.931 align:center
a third control sample that wasn't

00:12:33.011 --> 00:12:34.852 align:center
part of the agreed plan, was

00:12:34.932 --> 00:12:37.834 align:center
suddenly and inexplicably introduced by Tite.

00:12:39.065 --> 00:12:40.746 align:center
he'd made his own arrangement for

00:12:40.786 --> 00:12:42.886 align:center
some threads from the 13th century

00:12:42.986 --> 00:12:45.307 align:center
cope of Saint Louis of Anjou

00:12:45.747 --> 00:12:47.008 align:center
to be dated by the three

00:12:47.068 --> 00:12:49.488 align:center
laboratories alongside their other tests.

00:12:51.029 --> 00:12:52.689 align:center
No one else had been expecting

00:12:52.709 --> 00:12:55.050 align:center
this late intervention, and so no

00:12:55.130 --> 00:12:56.551 align:center
cylinders had been prepared.

00:12:57.311 --> 00:12:59.632 align:center
Instead, these were placed into three

00:12:59.772 --> 00:13:00.272 align:center
envelopes.

00:13:04.025 --> 00:13:05.627 align:center
The absence of a video record

00:13:05.667 --> 00:13:07.329 align:center
showing the samples being placed into

00:13:07.369 --> 00:13:09.812 align:center
the cylinders, combined with this last-minute

00:13:09.952 --> 00:13:12.235 align:center
unplanned introduction of a fabric whose

00:13:12.295 --> 00:13:14.397 align:center
date just happened to coincide with

00:13:14.437 --> 00:13:16.379 align:center
the eventual result of the shroud

00:13:16.420 --> 00:13:18.722 align:center
dating, left the test wide open

00:13:18.762 --> 00:13:21.005 align:center
to claims that the shroud sample

00:13:21.225 --> 00:13:22.126 align:center
had been switched.

00:13:22.987 --> 00:13:25.329 align:center
Now this almost certainly didn't happen,

00:13:26.030 --> 00:13:27.491 align:center
but it is hard to explain

00:13:27.571 --> 00:13:29.633 align:center
why yet another protocol was ignored

00:13:30.214 --> 00:13:31.915 align:center
and why they didn't allow filming

00:13:31.955 --> 00:13:33.797 align:center
of the samples being placed into

00:13:33.837 --> 00:13:34.317 align:center
cylinders.

00:13:36.039 --> 00:13:38.781 align:center
Finally, the shroud samples plus the

00:13:38.821 --> 00:13:40.943 align:center
control samples were handed to the

00:13:41.003 --> 00:13:42.685 align:center
representatives of the laboratories.

00:13:43.646 --> 00:13:45.227 align:center
However, the receipt that they were

00:13:45.287 --> 00:13:47.009 align:center
asked to sign showed the dates

00:13:47.069 --> 00:13:48.130 align:center
of the control samples.

00:13:49.690 --> 00:13:51.110 align:center
Now the main reason for having

00:13:51.170 --> 00:13:53.071 align:center
these control samples was to check

00:13:53.191 --> 00:13:54.951 align:center
that the laboratories were giving accurate

00:13:54.991 --> 00:13:55.492 align:center
results.

00:13:56.812 --> 00:13:58.292 align:center
By letting them know in advance

00:13:58.612 --> 00:14:00.153 align:center
how old they were, they had

00:14:00.193 --> 00:14:02.514 align:center
effectively undermined the value of these

00:14:02.594 --> 00:14:03.014 align:center
tests.

00:14:06.155 --> 00:14:08.155 align:center
Attention now turned to the laboratories

00:14:08.255 --> 00:14:09.556 align:center
where the testing was to take

00:14:09.616 --> 00:14:09.956 align:center
place.

00:14:10.776 --> 00:14:13.036 align:center
Before beginning their tests, they re-weighed

00:14:13.076 --> 00:14:14.397 align:center
the samples they had been given.

00:14:15.612 --> 00:14:17.534 align:center
The shroud fragment given to Zürich

00:14:17.995 --> 00:14:21.378 align:center
weighed 52.8mg, which matched one of

00:14:21.418 --> 00:14:22.640 align:center
the weights seen in Turin.

00:14:23.180 --> 00:14:25.863 align:center
But Oxford's fragment weighed 50mg, which

00:14:25.923 --> 00:14:26.704 align:center
didn't match any.

00:14:28.726 --> 00:14:30.268 align:center
And there was even more confusion

00:14:30.368 --> 00:14:32.530 align:center
in Arizona, which received the two-piece

00:14:32.550 --> 00:14:33.852 align:center
sample that had weighed 53.7mg in

00:14:33.872 --> 00:14:34.052 align:center
Turin.

00:14:38.069 --> 00:14:39.811 align:center
However, when they re-weighed it, it

00:14:40.071 --> 00:14:40.712 align:center
was only mg, not

00:14:40.772 --> 00:14:41.613 align:center
And the label on the cylinder

00:14:41.633 --> 00:14:43.195 align:center
showed an entirely different weight,

00:14:43.255 --> 00:14:43.335 align:center
mg.

00:14:52.051 --> 00:14:53.273 align:center
It didn't bode well that the

00:14:53.333 --> 00:14:55.916 align:center
team responsible for the most high-profile

00:14:55.996 --> 00:14:58.719 align:center
radiocarbon dating project ever undertaken

00:14:59.040 --> 00:14:59.380 align:center
couldn't

00:14:59.440 --> 00:15:01.202 align:center
reliably track the sample weights.

00:15:01.983 --> 00:15:04.146 align:center
And of course, these weight discrepancies

00:15:04.346 --> 00:15:06.709 align:center
further reinforced the suspicions of anyone

00:15:06.749 --> 00:15:08.311 align:center
who believed that the samples may

00:15:08.351 --> 00:15:09.152 align:center
have been switched.

00:15:12.133 --> 00:15:13.454 align:center
As we've seen, the heads of

00:15:13.514 --> 00:15:15.215 align:center
these laboratories had agreed to run

00:15:15.255 --> 00:15:18.057 align:center
the tests simultaneously and had committed

00:15:18.097 --> 00:15:19.518 align:center
to maintain a strict code of

00:15:19.598 --> 00:15:21.319 align:center
secrecy to avoid any leaking of

00:15:21.359 --> 00:15:23.700 align:center
the results, not even sharing information

00:15:23.740 --> 00:15:25.261 align:center
about the tests between them.

00:15:26.262 --> 00:15:27.743 align:center
Indeed, the test results were not

00:15:27.783 --> 00:15:29.664 align:center
to be revealed to anyone apart

00:15:29.704 --> 00:15:31.225 align:center
from Dr Michael Tite of the

00:15:31.265 --> 00:15:33.746 align:center
British Museum and the Colonnetti Institute

00:15:33.786 --> 00:15:35.848 align:center
of Turin for statistical analysis.

00:15:37.369 --> 00:15:39.050 align:center
The laboratories initially seemed to be

00:15:39.130 --> 00:15:40.651 align:center
holding firm to this commitment.

00:15:41.360 --> 00:15:43.460 align:center
They certainly turned down requests from

00:15:43.500 --> 00:15:45.221 align:center
the Vatican, the owners of the

00:15:45.261 --> 00:15:47.961 align:center
Shroud, to allow a church representative

00:15:48.021 --> 00:15:49.502 align:center
to observe one of the tests.

00:15:51.242 --> 00:15:52.802 align:center
But not everyone was turned away.

00:15:53.823 --> 00:15:55.463 align:center
During the month of May, Harry

00:15:55.503 --> 00:15:56.943 align:center
Gove was able to persuade the

00:15:57.003 --> 00:15:58.884 align:center
Arizona Laboratory to allow him to

00:15:58.944 --> 00:16:01.184 align:center
attend their tests, on condition that

00:16:01.224 --> 00:16:02.485 align:center
he signed an agreement that he

00:16:02.525 --> 00:16:03.885 align:center
would not mention the results to

00:16:03.965 --> 00:16:04.245 align:center
anyone.

00:16:06.667 --> 00:16:08.828 align:center
The Zurich laboratory went even further

00:16:09.188 --> 00:16:11.249 align:center
and during June they opened their

00:16:11.289 --> 00:16:13.310 align:center
doors to an entire BBC crew

00:16:13.570 --> 00:16:15.030 align:center
who wanted to film the process

00:16:15.050 --> 00:16:16.351 align:center
for a TV documentary.

00:16:23.213 --> 00:16:24.954 align:center
It was later revealed that Harry

00:16:24.974 --> 00:16:27.475 align:center
Gove and his assistant had wagered

00:16:27.535 --> 00:16:29.096 align:center
a pair of cowboy boots on

00:16:29.116 --> 00:16:29.576 align:center
the result.

00:16:30.336 --> 00:16:31.758 align:center
His assistant was sure that the

00:16:31.798 --> 00:16:32.979 align:center
shroud would prove to be from

00:16:33.019 --> 00:16:35.241 align:center
the time of Jesus, whilst Gove

00:16:35.281 --> 00:16:36.282 align:center
was betting on it giving a

00:16:36.322 --> 00:16:37.223 align:center
medieval date.

00:16:38.104 --> 00:16:39.806 align:center
As soon as the tests revealed

00:16:39.866 --> 00:16:41.548 align:center
a result in line with Gove's

00:16:41.608 --> 00:16:44.271 align:center
prediction, he completely ignored the

00:16:44.311 --> 00:16:45.092 align:center
non-disclosure

00:16:45.152 --> 00:16:46.794 align:center
agreement he'd only just signed and

00:16:46.854 --> 00:16:49.216 align:center
immediately contacted his assistant to claim

00:16:49.236 --> 00:16:49.737 align:center
his prize.

00:16:51.618 --> 00:16:53.679 align:center
The Oxford Laboratory began their testing

00:16:53.719 --> 00:16:56.220 align:center
in July, and by August, English

00:16:56.300 --> 00:16:58.481 align:center
newspapers had already started to leak

00:16:58.501 --> 00:17:00.502 align:center
the results, even before they had

00:17:00.542 --> 00:17:02.123 align:center
been communicated to the Church.

00:17:03.624 --> 00:17:05.344 align:center
Two weeks before the results were

00:17:05.404 --> 00:17:07.586 align:center
unveiled, a book went into print

00:17:07.826 --> 00:17:11.427 align:center
entitled The Shroud Unmasked, and subtitled

00:17:11.928 --> 00:17:14.129 align:center
Discovery of the Greatest Forgery of

00:17:14.209 --> 00:17:14.689 align:center
All Time.

00:17:15.848 --> 00:17:17.749 align:center
Professor Hall, who was responsible for

00:17:17.769 --> 00:17:20.051 align:center
the Oxford Laboratory, didn't seem at

00:17:20.231 --> 00:17:22.613 align:center
all embarrassed by these leaks, stating,

00:17:22.633 --> 00:17:24.635 align:center
This is an astonishing statement, but

00:17:24.655 --> 00:17:25.375 align:center
it's clear that none of the

00:17:25.395 --> 00:17:26.556 align:center
laboratories made a serious attempt to

00:17:26.596 --> 00:17:27.277 align:center
maintain secrecy.

00:17:27.297 --> 00:17:28.858 align:center
This was a clear breach of

00:17:29.058 --> 00:17:29.879 align:center
yet another test principle,

00:17:46.727 --> 00:17:49.108 align:center
And also, despite having agreed that

00:17:49.328 --> 00:17:51.129 align:center
all three laboratories would run the

00:17:51.169 --> 00:17:54.611 align:center
tests concurrently, the Zurich laboratory

00:17:55.011 --> 00:17:55.411 align:center
started

00:17:55.471 --> 00:17:57.492 align:center
their testing in June, a month

00:17:57.552 --> 00:18:00.574 align:center
after Arizona, and Oxford didn't begin

00:18:00.654 --> 00:18:03.375 align:center
theirs until July, two months later.

00:18:05.196 --> 00:18:07.697 align:center
Altogether, this was a sad episode

00:18:07.777 --> 00:18:09.418 align:center
which left a huge question mark

00:18:09.798 --> 00:18:11.879 align:center
against the integrity of these leading

00:18:11.939 --> 00:18:13.480 align:center
radiocarbon scientists.

00:18:16.701 --> 00:18:18.223 align:center
So far we've covered a number

00:18:18.243 --> 00:18:21.007 align:center
of protocol violations and substandard test

00:18:21.047 --> 00:18:23.751 align:center
procedures which resulted from a combination

00:18:23.791 --> 00:18:25.573 align:center
of poor management and decision making,

00:18:26.584 --> 00:18:30.005 align:center
bad judgement by so-called experts, sloppy

00:18:30.045 --> 00:18:33.426 align:center
record keeping, and a complete disregard

00:18:33.566 --> 00:18:35.106 align:center
for the need to keep commitments

00:18:35.326 --> 00:18:36.767 align:center
and uphold prior agreements.

00:18:37.847 --> 00:18:39.287 align:center
However, when we look closely at

00:18:39.327 --> 00:18:40.968 align:center
the failings in the next phase

00:18:41.008 --> 00:18:43.449 align:center
of this project, the statistical analysis

00:18:43.489 --> 00:18:45.429 align:center
of the results, we find a

00:18:45.489 --> 00:18:47.130 align:center
different root cause entirely.

00:18:48.530 --> 00:18:50.671 align:center
It appears that this analysis was

00:18:50.731 --> 00:18:54.011 align:center
deliberately and systematically manipulated to

00:18:54.051 --> 00:18:54.532 align:center
support

00:18:54.572 --> 00:18:55.792 align:center
a particular conclusion.

00:18:57.313 --> 00:18:58.814 align:center
Even before any results had been

00:18:58.894 --> 00:19:00.695 align:center
published, there was a reason for

00:19:00.775 --> 00:19:03.456 align:center
serious concern, for in spite of

00:19:03.496 --> 00:19:05.177 align:center
having agreed that all the laboratory

00:19:05.217 --> 00:19:06.858 align:center
test results would be given to

00:19:06.918 --> 00:19:09.099 align:center
both the British Museum and the

00:19:09.139 --> 00:19:11.901 align:center
Colonnetti Institute of Turin for statistical

00:19:12.061 --> 00:19:15.242 align:center
analysis, the Colonnetti was denied access

00:19:15.323 --> 00:19:16.063 align:center
to this data.

00:19:17.608 --> 00:19:19.910 align:center
The statistical analysis was therefore

00:19:19.990 --> 00:19:20.570 align:center
completed

00:19:20.670 --> 00:19:23.952 align:center
by TITES British Museum statisticians without

00:19:23.973 --> 00:19:26.654 align:center
the Colinetti's involvement, a clear breach

00:19:26.955 --> 00:19:28.596 align:center
of one of the three remaining

00:19:28.736 --> 00:19:29.917 align:center
key test principles.

00:19:31.037 --> 00:19:33.379 align:center
This unease became more widespread once

00:19:33.439 --> 00:19:35.501 align:center
the official test report was finally

00:19:35.561 --> 00:19:37.682 align:center
published in February

00:19:38.483 --> 00:19:39.443 align:center
But before we look at the

00:19:39.503 --> 00:19:42.045 align:center
reasons for this growing concern, here's

00:19:42.085 --> 00:19:43.967 align:center
a brief overview of how test

00:19:44.007 --> 00:19:46.048 align:center
results such as these are typically

00:19:46.128 --> 00:19:47.249 align:center
analysed and presented.

00:19:49.042 --> 00:19:51.388 align:center
When making simple measurements, such as

00:19:51.488 --> 00:19:52.711 align:center
finding the height of a door,

00:19:53.674 --> 00:19:55.458 align:center
we would expect any good tape

00:19:55.538 --> 00:19:57.323 align:center
measure to give exactly the same

00:19:57.363 --> 00:19:58.506 align:center
result every time.

00:20:00.678 --> 00:20:02.239 align:center
If, however, we wanted to find

00:20:02.279 --> 00:20:03.779 align:center
the age of an ancient door

00:20:03.899 --> 00:20:05.800 align:center
by carbon dating small fragments of

00:20:05.860 --> 00:20:07.481 align:center
its wood, this is a much

00:20:07.541 --> 00:20:09.561 align:center
more complex measurement which doesn't give

00:20:09.601 --> 00:20:10.822 align:center
the same level of precision.

00:20:11.182 --> 00:20:12.442 align:center
And so when we repeat that

00:20:12.523 --> 00:20:14.803 align:center
test again and again, rather than

00:20:14.843 --> 00:20:16.564 align:center
getting the same measurement every time,

00:20:17.104 --> 00:20:18.785 align:center
we expect to see different values,

00:20:19.505 --> 00:20:21.086 align:center
hopefully within close range of each

00:20:21.146 --> 00:20:21.326 align:center
other.

00:20:22.389 --> 00:20:25.070 align:center
Statistical analysis is a science which

00:20:25.130 --> 00:20:27.191 align:center
allows researchers to make sense of

00:20:27.291 --> 00:20:30.172 align:center
scattered values by mathematically combining

00:20:30.212 --> 00:20:30.352 align:center
them.

00:20:31.312 --> 00:20:32.673 align:center
It can therefore help to make

00:20:32.753 --> 00:20:35.254 align:center
sense of radiocarbon dating test results,

00:20:35.594 --> 00:20:37.075 align:center
but what it can't do is

00:20:37.115 --> 00:20:39.075 align:center
give an exact, definitive age.

00:20:40.236 --> 00:20:42.097 align:center
It can, however, find the most

00:20:42.197 --> 00:20:44.458 align:center
likely, or mean age, along with

00:20:44.498 --> 00:20:45.278 align:center
a margin of error.

00:20:46.621 --> 00:20:48.022 align:center
This can be shown visually as

00:20:48.062 --> 00:20:50.783 align:center
a bell-shaped curve, which scientists call

00:20:50.803 --> 00:20:52.404 align:center
a probability distribution.

00:20:53.465 --> 00:20:54.865 align:center
The value which corresponds with the

00:20:54.925 --> 00:20:56.286 align:center
peak of the curve is the

00:20:56.326 --> 00:20:57.927 align:center
most likely age, and as the

00:20:57.967 --> 00:21:00.168 align:center
curve gets lower, the corresponding age

00:21:00.208 --> 00:21:01.629 align:center
values become less likely.

00:21:02.987 --> 00:21:04.408 align:center
If all the measurements are closely

00:21:04.448 --> 00:21:06.910 align:center
grouped, the resulting curve is high

00:21:06.930 --> 00:21:09.191 align:center
and narrow, reflecting a tight range

00:21:09.231 --> 00:21:10.212 align:center
of possible values.

00:21:11.013 --> 00:21:12.354 align:center
But if the measurements are widely

00:21:12.454 --> 00:21:14.795 align:center
scattered, it flattens out and becomes

00:21:14.855 --> 00:21:17.958 align:center
wider, indicating less certainty in the

00:21:17.978 --> 00:21:18.438 align:center
result.

00:21:19.679 --> 00:21:21.900 align:center
Now for the Turing shroud radiocarbon

00:21:21.920 --> 00:21:24.102 align:center
dating project, each of the three

00:21:24.182 --> 00:21:26.363 align:center
laboratories performed multiple measurements

00:21:26.544 --> 00:21:26.924 align:center
on four

00:21:26.964 --> 00:21:29.746 align:center
different fabrics, the three control samples

00:21:29.926 --> 00:21:31.067 align:center
and the shroud fragments.

00:21:32.079 --> 00:21:33.460 align:center
These were published in the final

00:21:33.500 --> 00:21:34.181 align:center
test report.

00:21:37.724 --> 00:21:38.885 align:center
Now let's look at the bell

00:21:38.925 --> 00:21:41.046 align:center
curves for these results, starting with

00:21:41.066 --> 00:21:42.387 align:center
the three control samples.

00:21:43.028 --> 00:21:44.970 align:center
The important thing to notice is

00:21:45.010 --> 00:21:46.571 align:center
that these curves have a large

00:21:46.631 --> 00:21:48.913 align:center
degree of overlap, which indicates that

00:21:48.953 --> 00:21:50.034 align:center
their measurements agree.

00:21:51.255 --> 00:21:52.936 align:center
The results were also close to

00:21:52.956 --> 00:21:53.937 align:center
the known age of each of

00:21:53.977 --> 00:21:56.039 align:center
these samples, an outcome which would

00:21:56.079 --> 00:21:57.780 align:center
have been even more impressive if

00:21:57.800 --> 00:21:59.341 align:center
they hadn't already been given these

00:21:59.401 --> 00:22:01.123 align:center
details before running their tests.

00:22:02.975 --> 00:22:04.156 align:center
Now look at the results for

00:22:04.196 --> 00:22:04.736 align:center
the Shroud.

00:22:06.517 --> 00:22:07.998 align:center
We know that they would eventually

00:22:08.059 --> 00:22:10.240 align:center
announce that the Shroud was medieval

00:22:10.260 --> 00:22:14.383 align:center
in origin, dating to 1260-1390 AD,

00:22:15.043 --> 00:22:15.804 align:center
but when you look at the

00:22:15.864 --> 00:22:18.506 align:center
three curves, they don't overlap to

00:22:18.546 --> 00:22:19.486 align:center
the same extent.

00:22:20.067 --> 00:22:21.468 align:center
Indeed, if we take away the

00:22:21.508 --> 00:22:23.689 align:center
Zurich Test, we can see very

00:22:23.729 --> 00:22:25.290 align:center
little overlap at all between the

00:22:25.390 --> 00:22:27.312 align:center
Oxford and the Arizona curves.

00:22:28.433 --> 00:22:30.274 align:center
In fact, you could assume they

00:22:30.294 --> 00:22:32.674 align:center
were testing different cloths entirely if

00:22:32.714 --> 00:22:34.395 align:center
you didn't already know they came

00:22:34.435 --> 00:22:35.435 align:center
from the same source.

00:22:36.776 --> 00:22:39.176 align:center
Now it's worth comparing each laboratory's

00:22:39.236 --> 00:22:41.697 align:center
results with where the fragments tested

00:22:41.737 --> 00:22:42.257 align:center
came from.

00:22:43.598 --> 00:22:45.118 align:center
The age given by the Arizona

00:22:45.178 --> 00:22:47.139 align:center
test was lower than the Zurich

00:22:47.179 --> 00:22:49.580 align:center
result, and Oxford had the oldest

00:22:49.620 --> 00:22:50.600 align:center
result of the three.

00:22:52.881 --> 00:22:55.261 align:center
Intriguingly, it seems that the results

00:22:55.321 --> 00:22:57.002 align:center
get older as we move along

00:22:57.042 --> 00:22:57.482 align:center
the cloth.

00:22:59.127 --> 00:23:01.187 align:center
The statistical analysis of these results

00:23:01.467 --> 00:23:03.248 align:center
also appeared to indicate that the

00:23:03.348 --> 00:23:05.528 align:center
ages of the shroud samples tested

00:23:05.948 --> 00:23:06.908 align:center
were not the same.

00:23:08.229 --> 00:23:10.809 align:center
The British Museum statisticians calculated the

00:23:10.949 --> 00:23:12.830 align:center
overall mean age from the results

00:23:12.890 --> 00:23:15.130 align:center
given by the laboratories, as well

00:23:15.170 --> 00:23:16.430 align:center
as a value known as the

00:23:16.470 --> 00:23:18.811 align:center
significance level, which is a measure

00:23:18.851 --> 00:23:20.611 align:center
of how reliable the results are,

00:23:20.871 --> 00:23:22.511 align:center
given that the laboratories should be

00:23:22.531 --> 00:23:24.332 align:center
getting similar results for each of

00:23:24.372 --> 00:23:25.752 align:center
these four sets of tests.

00:23:26.880 --> 00:23:28.721 align:center
A high significance level value is

00:23:28.761 --> 00:23:31.342 align:center
a good sign, but low values

00:23:31.482 --> 00:23:32.963 align:center
indicate that we should have less

00:23:33.043 --> 00:23:34.223 align:center
confidence in the outcome.

00:23:35.584 --> 00:23:38.005 align:center
For the three control samples, this

00:23:38.065 --> 00:23:39.906 align:center
value is quite high, but when

00:23:39.926 --> 00:23:41.266 align:center
we look at the shroud results,

00:23:42.087 --> 00:23:43.067 align:center
we see it's only

00:23:43.327 --> 00:23:46.328 align:center
In other words, we see there

00:23:46.348 --> 00:23:48.589 align:center
was only a chance, a

00:23:48.669 --> 00:23:50.890 align:center
small in chance, that

00:23:50.930 --> 00:23:52.311 align:center
the results are reliable.

00:23:54.212 --> 00:23:55.813 align:center
Now it's very interesting that they

00:23:55.873 --> 00:23:57.593 align:center
achieved a significance level of

00:23:58.754 --> 00:24:01.175 align:center
because any value below that would

00:24:01.235 --> 00:24:04.056 align:center
cause most statisticians to automatically

00:24:04.136 --> 00:24:04.496 align:center
reject

00:24:04.536 --> 00:24:06.597 align:center
these tests as they wouldn't feel

00:24:06.617 --> 00:24:08.037 align:center
that they could trust the results.

00:24:10.178 --> 00:24:11.699 align:center
Clearly the dating of the shroud

00:24:11.959 --> 00:24:14.140 align:center
only just avoided this outcome, but

00:24:14.200 --> 00:24:15.720 align:center
in spite of this close shave,

00:24:16.020 --> 00:24:17.961 align:center
Michael Tite and his team concluded

00:24:18.021 --> 00:24:21.082 align:center
that these tests had successfully established

00:24:21.102 --> 00:24:22.183 align:center
the age of the shroud.

00:24:23.484 --> 00:24:25.245 align:center
In other words, they chose to

00:24:25.305 --> 00:24:27.166 align:center
back a conclusion that according to

00:24:27.226 --> 00:24:31.247 align:center
their own statistics had only a in chance of being

00:24:31.287 --> 00:24:31.728 align:center
correct.

00:24:35.309 --> 00:24:37.670 align:center
This seems an extraordinary decision to

00:24:37.710 --> 00:24:40.351 align:center
have taken, until we remember that

00:24:40.371 --> 00:24:43.052 align:center
for the radiocarbon laboratories, this

00:24:43.132 --> 00:24:43.733 align:center
prestigious

00:24:43.813 --> 00:24:46.194 align:center
project was an opportunity to raise

00:24:46.234 --> 00:24:48.495 align:center
their profile and potentially attract more

00:24:48.555 --> 00:24:48.935 align:center
funding.

00:24:50.216 --> 00:24:51.918 align:center
Clearly that opportunity would have been

00:24:51.978 --> 00:24:53.919 align:center
lost if they'd reported a failure

00:24:54.000 --> 00:24:55.981 align:center
to obtain an acceptable result.

00:24:58.704 --> 00:25:00.145 align:center
You might be thinking how lucky

00:25:00.205 --> 00:25:01.867 align:center
it was that they managed by

00:25:01.927 --> 00:25:03.689 align:center
a whisker to achieve the

00:25:04.149 --> 00:25:06.892 align:center
significance level threshold that avoided this

00:25:07.012 --> 00:25:07.412 align:center
outcome.

00:25:08.874 --> 00:25:10.295 align:center
Well it turns out luck had

00:25:10.415 --> 00:25:11.276 align:center
nothing to do with it.

00:25:12.802 --> 00:25:15.264 align:center
It's possible to recalculate the significance

00:25:15.324 --> 00:25:16.705 align:center
level for the shroud from the

00:25:16.805 --> 00:25:19.227 align:center
published results from the three laboratories.

00:25:19.908 --> 00:25:21.329 align:center
When we do this, we find

00:25:21.369 --> 00:25:23.791 align:center
the correct figure to be

00:25:25.252 --> 00:25:27.054 align:center
below the significance level of

00:25:28.195 --> 00:25:29.976 align:center
But this number was rounded up

00:25:30.056 --> 00:25:30.637 align:center
to

00:25:31.978 --> 00:25:33.119 align:center
Now you don't need to be

00:25:33.139 --> 00:25:35.421 align:center
a graduate in statistics to know

00:25:35.461 --> 00:25:36.782 align:center
that this number should have been

00:25:36.862 --> 00:25:37.483 align:center
rounded to not

00:25:40.071 --> 00:25:42.392 align:center
Indeed, children in UK primary schools

00:25:42.853 --> 00:25:44.353 align:center
are taught how to round numbers.

00:25:45.474 --> 00:25:46.755 align:center
In a list of numbers such

00:25:46.795 --> 00:25:49.216 align:center
as this one, any number that

00:25:49.256 --> 00:25:51.417 align:center
is greater than rounds up

00:25:51.457 --> 00:25:56.420 align:center
to and anything less than rounds down to

00:25:58.881 --> 00:26:00.742 align:center
Now such a basic error can't

00:26:00.782 --> 00:26:01.643 align:center
have been a mistake.

00:26:02.268 --> 00:26:04.209 align:center
After all, the Shroud of Turin

00:26:04.289 --> 00:26:07.630 align:center
test report was signed off by scientists

00:26:08.171 --> 00:26:09.711 align:center
representing the British Museum

00:26:09.891 --> 00:26:11.632 align:center
and the radiocarbon laboratories.

00:26:12.172 --> 00:26:13.453 align:center
So it's hard to avoid the

00:26:13.493 --> 00:26:15.034 align:center
suspicion that they wanted to cover

00:26:15.094 --> 00:26:16.174 align:center
up the fact that the tests

00:26:16.274 --> 00:26:19.015 align:center
failed to achieve the critical

00:26:19.235 --> 00:26:20.636 align:center
significance level threshold.

00:26:22.844 --> 00:26:24.706 align:center
Close inspection of the published test

00:26:24.746 --> 00:26:27.368 align:center
report revealed another mistake which falsely

00:26:27.428 --> 00:26:28.589 align:center
inflated this value.

00:26:29.450 --> 00:26:31.652 align:center
The three laboratories each ran several

00:26:31.712 --> 00:26:33.834 align:center
tests of the shroud fabric and

00:26:33.894 --> 00:26:35.756 align:center
these results were combined to give

00:26:35.796 --> 00:26:37.337 align:center
the age and margin of error

00:26:37.377 --> 00:26:39.459 align:center
results reported by each of the

00:26:39.499 --> 00:26:40.079 align:center
laboratories.

00:26:40.780 --> 00:26:43.002 align:center
These individual test results were shown

00:26:43.062 --> 00:26:45.103 align:center
in the report, so it's possible

00:26:45.163 --> 00:26:47.325 align:center
to redo the calculations to check

00:26:47.365 --> 00:26:49.507 align:center
the laboratories had reported their results

00:26:49.607 --> 00:26:50.127 align:center
correctly.

00:26:51.288 --> 00:26:53.510 align:center
This check confirmed the Oxford and

00:26:53.570 --> 00:26:55.531 align:center
Zurich results, but revealed that the

00:26:55.571 --> 00:26:57.493 align:center
margin of error only Arizona did

00:26:57.633 --> 00:26:58.153 align:center
was wrong.

00:26:59.114 --> 00:27:00.375 align:center
It should be much smaller.

00:27:03.542 --> 00:27:05.323 align:center
No explanation was given for this

00:27:05.383 --> 00:27:07.944 align:center
apparently incorrect value, and this troubled

00:27:07.964 --> 00:27:10.786 align:center
many scientists, especially when their requests

00:27:11.026 --> 00:27:12.687 align:center
to see the actual test data

00:27:12.787 --> 00:27:15.108 align:center
obtained by the laboratories were repeatedly

00:27:15.148 --> 00:27:15.669 align:center
refused.

00:27:18.030 --> 00:27:20.531 align:center
A Belgian chemist named Remy van

00:27:20.591 --> 00:27:23.093 align:center
Hilst was persistent in trying to

00:27:23.133 --> 00:27:24.113 align:center
get to the bottom of this

00:27:24.193 --> 00:27:27.855 align:center
discrepancy, and in some eight

00:27:27.915 --> 00:27:30.136 align:center
years after the radiocarbon test report

00:27:30.176 --> 00:27:31.017 align:center
had been published,

00:27:31.724 --> 00:27:34.605 align:center
he discovered that Arizona had actually

00:27:34.705 --> 00:27:37.365 align:center
provided eight radiocarbon test results for

00:27:37.385 --> 00:27:39.866 align:center
the shroud, not four as claimed

00:27:39.906 --> 00:27:41.326 align:center
in the published test report.

00:27:42.666 --> 00:27:44.987 align:center
Dr. Morwen Lees, the lead British

00:27:45.047 --> 00:27:48.148 align:center
Museum statistician, had written to Arizona

00:27:48.668 --> 00:27:50.248 align:center
asking them to reduce the eight

00:27:50.288 --> 00:27:52.509 align:center
results to four by merging four

00:27:52.549 --> 00:27:53.929 align:center
different pairs of values.

00:27:58.021 --> 00:27:59.342 align:center
There was no mention at all

00:27:59.382 --> 00:28:00.662 align:center
of this merging of results in

00:28:00.682 --> 00:28:02.703 align:center
the published test report, which clearly

00:28:02.763 --> 00:28:05.164 align:center
stated that Arizona had provided only

00:28:05.284 --> 00:28:07.545 align:center
four results, something that we now

00:28:07.605 --> 00:28:09.246 align:center
know was completely untrue.

00:28:12.868 --> 00:28:14.108 align:center
So now that we have these

00:28:14.188 --> 00:28:16.490 align:center
eight test values, we can recalculate

00:28:16.550 --> 00:28:17.870 align:center
what the overall result for the

00:28:17.930 --> 00:28:19.911 align:center
Arizona laboratory should have been, and

00:28:19.971 --> 00:28:21.872 align:center
it now shows an age of years with an error of

00:28:21.892 --> 00:28:22.832 align:center
plus or minus years.

00:28:26.877 --> 00:28:28.498 align:center
This is a much lower margin

00:28:28.518 --> 00:28:30.559 align:center
of error and reduces the spread

00:28:30.599 --> 00:28:32.300 align:center
of possible values for the Arizona

00:28:32.360 --> 00:28:34.541 align:center
test, making it appear even less

00:28:34.621 --> 00:28:36.342 align:center
likely that their fragment was the

00:28:36.402 --> 00:28:37.823 align:center
same age as the one dated

00:28:37.843 --> 00:28:38.363 align:center
in Oxford.

00:28:41.544 --> 00:28:43.826 align:center
It also changes the significance level

00:28:43.866 --> 00:28:45.386 align:center
value, and instead of being

00:28:45.426 --> 00:28:45.767 align:center
it's now

00:28:51.158 --> 00:28:53.459 align:center
way below the threshold 5% needed

00:28:53.559 --> 00:28:55.080 align:center
to allow this to be considered

00:28:55.220 --> 00:28:56.981 align:center
an acceptable set of tests.

00:28:58.342 --> 00:29:00.723 align:center
This discovery of previously hidden test

00:29:00.783 --> 00:29:02.504 align:center
results led to demands that the

00:29:02.544 --> 00:29:04.865 align:center
British Museum release all the raw

00:29:04.885 --> 00:29:06.146 align:center
data given to them by the

00:29:06.186 --> 00:29:06.807 align:center
laboratories.

00:29:07.947 --> 00:29:12.730 align:center
These demands were repeatedly refused until when

00:29:12.770 --> 00:29:13.890 align:center
a legal request for

00:29:13.910 --> 00:29:15.411 align:center
their release under the Freedom of

00:29:15.471 --> 00:29:18.233 align:center
Information Act forced the British Museum

00:29:18.373 --> 00:29:19.974 align:center
to make this information available.

00:29:21.098 --> 00:29:23.300 align:center
This new information revealed that all

00:29:23.320 --> 00:29:25.081 align:center
of the laboratories had performed more

00:29:25.121 --> 00:29:26.903 align:center
dating tests on the shroud than

00:29:26.943 --> 00:29:28.424 align:center
had been reported in the official

00:29:28.504 --> 00:29:29.985 align:center
radiocarbon test report.

00:29:30.706 --> 00:29:32.387 align:center
A fresh analysis of this newly

00:29:32.447 --> 00:29:35.110 align:center
revealed data confirmed once again that

00:29:35.150 --> 00:29:37.672 align:center
the tests didn't provide a statistically

00:29:37.732 --> 00:29:39.133 align:center
reliable date for the shroud.

00:29:43.316 --> 00:29:45.198 align:center
So let's summarise these findings.

00:29:46.803 --> 00:29:49.244 align:center
The British Museum's statisticians had managed

00:29:49.284 --> 00:29:50.844 align:center
to avoid having the shroud date

00:29:50.864 --> 00:29:53.945 align:center
in automatically declared void by a.

00:29:54.825 --> 00:29:56.846 align:center
Not disclosing the true test results

00:29:57.766 --> 00:30:00.527 align:center
b. Falsely inflating the margin of

00:30:00.607 --> 00:30:02.107 align:center
error in the date given by

00:30:02.187 --> 00:30:06.568 align:center
Arizona c. Rounding the already distorted

00:30:06.728 --> 00:30:09.049 align:center
significance level value from up

00:30:09.149 --> 00:30:10.009 align:center
to instead of down to

00:30:15.137 --> 00:30:17.178 align:center
And despite this clear manipulation of

00:30:17.218 --> 00:30:20.179 align:center
the test outcome, scientists were

00:30:20.239 --> 00:30:21.719 align:center
still prepared to sign off the

00:30:21.759 --> 00:30:23.860 align:center
final report which claimed the test

00:30:23.900 --> 00:30:25.920 align:center
to be conclusive proof that the

00:30:25.960 --> 00:30:27.661 align:center
shroud dated from the period

00:30:27.761 --> 00:30:30.342 align:center
to AD.

00:30:31.982 --> 00:30:33.563 align:center
This is quite a shocking deception,

00:30:34.183 --> 00:30:36.104 align:center
but it's worth remembering the statement

00:30:36.184 --> 00:30:37.244 align:center
made by Harry Gove.

00:30:38.525 --> 00:30:40.585 align:center
It's a well-known fact that scientists

00:30:40.645 --> 00:30:42.706 align:center
can produce whatever result they want

00:30:43.669 --> 00:30:45.190 align:center
If you believe that passionately in

00:30:45.250 --> 00:30:47.572 align:center
something, you can steer the results.

00:30:48.553 --> 00:30:50.654 align:center
My God, we've all been guilty

00:30:50.694 --> 00:30:51.094 align:center
of that.

00:30:53.416 --> 00:30:55.358 align:center
Now Harry Gove might dismiss this

00:30:55.478 --> 00:30:57.779 align:center
kind of behaviour as steering the

00:30:57.819 --> 00:31:00.341 align:center
results, but if accountants are found

00:31:00.381 --> 00:31:02.323 align:center
to use similar tactics when preparing

00:31:02.383 --> 00:31:04.584 align:center
corporate financial statements, they're

00:31:04.684 --> 00:31:05.505 align:center
usually charged

00:31:05.565 --> 00:31:06.566 align:center
with criminal fraud.

00:31:08.573 --> 00:31:10.714 align:center
As we've seen, there were clearly

00:31:10.774 --> 00:31:12.596 align:center
major flaws at every stage of

00:31:12.636 --> 00:31:15.297 align:center
the Shroud dating project, and especially

00:31:15.337 --> 00:31:16.178 align:center
in the way in which the

00:31:16.218 --> 00:31:17.559 align:center
results have been interpreted.

00:31:19.320 --> 00:31:21.101 align:center
It's no surprise that Thomas de

00:31:21.121 --> 00:31:24.043 align:center
Wesselow felt justified in describing it

00:31:24.363 --> 00:31:26.604 align:center
as one of the greatest fiascos

00:31:26.664 --> 00:31:27.805 align:center
in the history of science.

00:31:29.466 --> 00:31:31.407 align:center
Indeed, you might think his assessment

00:31:31.507 --> 00:31:32.468 align:center
was too generous.

00:31:34.670 --> 00:31:37.412 align:center
The radiocarbon test was however extremely

00:31:37.472 --> 00:31:38.974 align:center
successful in one respect.

00:31:39.914 --> 00:31:41.336 align:center
The announcement of the result on

00:31:41.356 --> 00:31:44.198 align:center
the 13th of October was

00:31:44.238 --> 00:31:46.360 align:center
a huge media event, and the

00:31:46.400 --> 00:31:47.721 align:center
claim that the shroud had been

00:31:47.761 --> 00:31:49.943 align:center
definitively proven to be a medieval

00:31:50.003 --> 00:31:52.185 align:center
forgery spread quickly around the world.

00:31:53.166 --> 00:31:55.147 align:center
Today most people accept that claim,

00:31:55.828 --> 00:31:57.930 align:center
unaware that the test itself was

00:31:58.030 --> 00:32:00.472 align:center
deeply controversial, or that a host

00:32:00.532 --> 00:32:02.453 align:center
of other scientific evidence shows it

00:32:02.493 --> 00:32:02.994 align:center
to be wrong.

00:32:04.551 --> 00:32:05.751 align:center
And as far as the Oxford

00:32:05.791 --> 00:32:08.792 align:center
Laboratory was concerned, this publicity led

00:32:08.832 --> 00:32:10.492 align:center
to the material rewards that they

00:32:10.512 --> 00:32:11.112 align:center
had hoped for.

00:32:12.272 --> 00:32:13.813 align:center
Shortly after the publication of the

00:32:13.853 --> 00:32:16.553 align:center
test report, they received from

00:32:16.853 --> 00:32:20.694 align:center
ITV, a UK media organisation, and

00:32:20.754 --> 00:32:23.654 align:center
a donation of from

00:32:23.734 --> 00:32:24.374 align:center
businessmen.

00:32:26.035 --> 00:32:28.235 align:center
This funding ensured that the Laboratory

00:32:28.315 --> 00:32:29.975 align:center
would continue its work after the

00:32:30.015 --> 00:32:31.736 align:center
retirement of Professor Hall in

00:32:33.752 --> 00:32:35.273 align:center
And as if this project hadn't

00:32:35.313 --> 00:32:37.974 align:center
yet attracted enough controversy, the person

00:32:38.034 --> 00:32:39.735 align:center
chosen to replace Professor Hall?

00:32:40.796 --> 00:32:42.777 align:center
None other than Dr Michael Tite.

00:32:48.359 --> 00:32:50.100 align:center
In the years since the radiocarbon

00:32:50.120 --> 00:32:51.961 align:center
dating, many of those who have

00:32:52.021 --> 00:32:53.942 align:center
studied the results have questioned why

00:32:54.002 --> 00:32:55.783 align:center
these tests should have failed to

00:32:55.843 --> 00:32:56.984 align:center
give a reliable date.

00:32:58.204 --> 00:33:00.105 align:center
After all, the fragments were all

00:33:00.145 --> 00:33:02.086 align:center
taken from a small piece, cut

00:33:02.126 --> 00:33:03.307 align:center
from a corner of the shroud,

00:33:04.091 --> 00:33:05.132 align:center
So they came from the same

00:33:05.212 --> 00:33:06.872 align:center
source, and the fact that all

00:33:06.913 --> 00:33:09.094 align:center
the laboratories obtained similar dates from

00:33:09.134 --> 00:33:11.215 align:center
the control samples rules out the

00:33:11.235 --> 00:33:13.016 align:center
possibility of any of the labs

00:33:13.136 --> 00:33:15.077 align:center
having inaccurate testing equipment.

00:33:16.778 --> 00:33:18.358 align:center
Is it possible then that there

00:33:18.398 --> 00:33:20.319 align:center
was some form of contamination which

00:33:20.379 --> 00:33:21.380 align:center
affected the results?

00:33:22.661 --> 00:33:24.502 align:center
Various theories have been put forward

00:33:24.542 --> 00:33:26.082 align:center
over the years, but perhaps the

00:33:26.122 --> 00:33:27.903 align:center
most plausible was proposed by an

00:33:27.963 --> 00:33:30.745 align:center
American couple, Joseph Marino and Sue

00:33:30.805 --> 00:33:31.185 align:center
Benford.

00:33:33.083 --> 00:33:35.184 align:center
They weren't scientists, but they had

00:33:35.224 --> 00:33:36.765 align:center
a keen interest in the Turin

00:33:36.805 --> 00:33:39.246 align:center
Shroud and had noticed something strange

00:33:39.587 --> 00:33:41.708 align:center
when examining photographs of the shroud

00:33:41.728 --> 00:33:42.869 align:center
that were taken in

00:33:43.229 --> 00:33:46.831 align:center
They discovered that the herringbone weave

00:33:46.891 --> 00:33:48.912 align:center
pattern that is consistent all over

00:33:48.952 --> 00:33:50.833 align:center
the cloth was misaligned in the

00:33:50.933 --> 00:33:52.454 align:center
area where the sample was taken.

00:33:53.885 --> 00:33:55.486 align:center
They believed this was due to

00:33:55.546 --> 00:33:58.126 align:center
a 16th century repair made following

00:33:58.167 --> 00:33:59.707 align:center
a fire which charred the shroud

00:33:59.767 --> 00:34:00.727 align:center
in several places.

00:34:01.688 --> 00:34:03.308 align:center
If correct, this would mean that

00:34:03.348 --> 00:34:05.289 align:center
the shroud fragments that were dated

00:34:05.569 --> 00:34:08.010 align:center
consisted of some 1st century linen,

00:34:08.510 --> 00:34:11.351 align:center
but highly contaminated with 16th century

00:34:11.431 --> 00:34:13.832 align:center
cotton that had been expertly dyed

00:34:13.872 --> 00:34:14.972 align:center
to match the colour of the

00:34:15.012 --> 00:34:15.733 align:center
shroud threads.

00:34:17.233 --> 00:34:18.414 align:center
And since the join of this

00:34:18.454 --> 00:34:19.574 align:center
repair was at an angle in

00:34:19.614 --> 00:34:21.895 align:center
the sample taken for radiocarbon testing,

00:34:22.827 --> 00:34:24.727 align:center
This would also explain why the

00:34:24.947 --> 00:34:26.668 align:center
age of the fragments tested by

00:34:26.708 --> 00:34:29.248 align:center
the three laboratories increased along the

00:34:29.288 --> 00:34:30.289 align:center
length of the sample.

00:34:33.689 --> 00:34:36.050 align:center
Photographs showing the misaligned weave were

00:34:36.090 --> 00:34:38.470 align:center
sent to three textile experts without

00:34:38.530 --> 00:34:40.051 align:center
letting them know that these were

00:34:40.111 --> 00:34:41.671 align:center
photos of the Turin Shroud.

00:34:42.391 --> 00:34:43.772 align:center
All agreed that it looked to

00:34:43.812 --> 00:34:45.152 align:center
be a rewoven patch.

00:34:46.772 --> 00:34:49.195 align:center
Having had their theory confirmed, Sue

00:34:49.215 --> 00:34:51.257 align:center
Benford and Joseph Marino produced a

00:34:51.297 --> 00:34:53.220 align:center
paper outlining their findings, but the

00:34:53.260 --> 00:34:55.402 align:center
scientific community was quick to dismiss

00:34:55.482 --> 00:34:57.985 align:center
this work as ill-informed speculation by

00:34:58.065 --> 00:34:59.287 align:center
enthusiastic amateurs.

00:35:00.689 --> 00:35:02.551 align:center
Ray Rogers, a former Shroud of

00:35:02.591 --> 00:35:05.294 align:center
Turin project scientist, was particularly

00:35:05.394 --> 00:35:05.915 align:center
outraged.

00:35:07.777 --> 00:35:08.838 align:center
I had given up on the

00:35:08.858 --> 00:35:11.441 align:center
shroud, and this was about the

00:35:11.481 --> 00:35:14.183 align:center
same time that the lunatic fringe

00:35:14.364 --> 00:35:16.285 align:center
were coming up with an infinite

00:35:16.406 --> 00:35:19.068 align:center
number of ways the date could

00:35:19.128 --> 00:35:19.829 align:center
be wrong.

00:35:20.269 --> 00:35:21.511 align:center
And this was just the last

00:35:21.551 --> 00:35:21.891 align:center
straw.

00:35:24.554 --> 00:35:26.115 align:center
So I read their paper, and

00:35:26.155 --> 00:35:27.997 align:center
I thought, I've got the samples

00:35:28.237 --> 00:35:29.839 align:center
that can shoot that full of

00:35:29.879 --> 00:35:30.099 align:center
holes.

00:35:31.303 --> 00:35:33.805 align:center
The authentic radiocarbon sample that I

00:35:33.845 --> 00:35:35.907 align:center
got, these segments of yarn were

00:35:35.947 --> 00:35:37.428 align:center
cut from the middle of the

00:35:37.468 --> 00:35:39.069 align:center
radiocarbon sample, so there was no

00:35:39.149 --> 00:35:39.930 align:center
question about them.

00:35:40.290 --> 00:35:41.831 align:center
And when I looked at these

00:35:42.312 --> 00:35:45.594 align:center
samples from the radiocarbon area, there

00:35:45.614 --> 00:35:46.855 align:center
was no problem at all finding

00:35:46.895 --> 00:35:47.415 align:center
cotton in them.

00:35:49.117 --> 00:35:50.738 align:center
He was now sure that Joseph

00:35:50.778 --> 00:35:52.539 align:center
Marino and Sue Benford were right,

00:35:53.160 --> 00:35:54.381 align:center
and he found other evidence that

00:35:54.441 --> 00:35:55.622 align:center
provided further support.

00:35:56.980 --> 00:35:58.921 align:center
The shroud of Turin project team

00:35:59.102 --> 00:36:00.803 align:center
tests in had proved that

00:36:00.843 --> 00:36:02.044 align:center
the shroud was free of any

00:36:02.084 --> 00:36:04.225 align:center
dyes or pigments, but he discovered

00:36:04.265 --> 00:36:05.326 align:center
that some of the fibers in

00:36:05.346 --> 00:36:07.608 align:center
the radiocarbon fragments had been dyed.

00:36:10.450 --> 00:36:13.012 align:center
You've got photomicrographs that demonstrate

00:36:13.052 --> 00:36:13.252 align:center
this

00:36:13.412 --> 00:36:14.513 align:center
very clearly.

00:36:15.394 --> 00:36:18.356 align:center
The cotton fibers from the radiocarbon

00:36:18.436 --> 00:36:21.999 align:center
sample are fairly heavily coated with

00:36:22.079 --> 00:36:23.620 align:center
the gum dye mordant.

00:36:24.381 --> 00:36:26.782 align:center
And some of the linen fibers

00:36:27.242 --> 00:36:28.502 align:center
don't show any of that at

00:36:28.662 --> 00:36:28.822 align:center
all.

00:36:28.882 --> 00:36:30.083 align:center
They look just as slick as

00:36:30.183 --> 00:36:31.623 align:center
anything and it didn't stick to

00:36:31.643 --> 00:36:31.763 align:center
them.

00:36:32.063 --> 00:36:33.284 align:center
If you happen to hit a

00:36:33.344 --> 00:36:35.905 align:center
place where a yarn segment from

00:36:35.985 --> 00:36:39.826 align:center
the original shroud was spliced into

00:36:39.926 --> 00:36:43.507 align:center
the new reweave part, the splice

00:36:43.907 --> 00:36:46.708 align:center
very definitely shows the new yarn

00:36:46.988 --> 00:36:48.709 align:center
that was being put in and

00:36:48.809 --> 00:36:49.889 align:center
dyed to match.

00:36:51.078 --> 00:36:52.618 align:center
The only thing in the shroud

00:36:52.679 --> 00:36:55.259 align:center
that was dyed or stained was

00:36:55.319 --> 00:36:57.500 align:center
this radiocarbon area.

00:36:57.760 --> 00:37:00.281 align:center
So my hypothesis at the moment

00:37:00.461 --> 00:37:02.161 align:center
is that this was done on

00:37:02.221 --> 00:37:03.802 align:center
purpose to fool your eye.

00:37:04.122 --> 00:37:05.202 align:center
And when we went back and

00:37:05.262 --> 00:37:08.603 align:center
looked at the ultraviolet photographs, here

00:37:08.783 --> 00:37:12.325 align:center
is this area that's significantly darker.

00:37:12.605 --> 00:37:14.125 align:center
It doesn't fluoresce as much.

00:37:14.465 --> 00:37:16.266 align:center
And it's just this area around

00:37:16.306 --> 00:37:18.026 align:center
the Ross sample and where the

00:37:18.046 --> 00:37:19.887 align:center
radiocarbon sample was cut.

00:37:20.547 --> 00:37:21.527 align:center
And if they had looked at

00:37:21.807 --> 00:37:23.188 align:center
any of the photographs that we

00:37:23.248 --> 00:37:26.588 align:center
had and studied the information we

00:37:26.668 --> 00:37:29.409 align:center
had as of they would

00:37:29.449 --> 00:37:30.329 align:center
have known that that was the

00:37:30.409 --> 00:37:32.230 align:center
worst possible place they could have

00:37:32.250 --> 00:37:33.130 align:center
taken a sample.

00:37:35.330 --> 00:37:37.271 align:center
It's ironic that having set out

00:37:37.291 --> 00:37:39.391 align:center
to prove Benford and Marino's claims

00:37:39.451 --> 00:37:42.892 align:center
were false, Rogers' research confirmed that

00:37:42.932 --> 00:37:43.592 align:center
they were right.

00:37:44.192 --> 00:37:45.952 align:center
There was cut and contamination in

00:37:45.972 --> 00:37:47.773 align:center
the linen samples taken for carbon

00:37:47.793 --> 00:37:48.173 align:center
dating.

00:37:49.264 --> 00:37:51.084 align:center
We documented his findings in an

00:37:51.144 --> 00:37:53.465 align:center
academic paper which was peer-reviewed and

00:37:53.545 --> 00:37:56.246 align:center
accepted for publication in the Thermochemical

00:37:56.286 --> 00:37:57.946 align:center
Actor Journal in

00:37:59.926 --> 00:38:01.467 align:center
His paper didn't cast any doubt

00:38:01.507 --> 00:38:02.507 align:center
at all on the science of

00:38:02.547 --> 00:38:05.008 align:center
carbon dating, but instead showed that

00:38:05.128 --> 00:38:08.148 align:center
this radiocarbon result was wrong because

00:38:08.208 --> 00:38:09.929 align:center
the sample had been taken from

00:38:09.989 --> 00:38:10.949 align:center
a damaged corner.

00:38:11.963 --> 00:38:15.026 align:center
Sadly, this remarkable evidence received none

00:38:15.046 --> 00:38:16.708 align:center
of the glaring publicity given to

00:38:16.728 --> 00:38:19.450 align:center
the radiocarbon dating results.

00:38:20.111 --> 00:38:21.812 align:center
Instead, it sits in the shadows,

00:38:22.253 --> 00:38:23.974 align:center
alongside the weight of evidence covered

00:38:23.994 --> 00:38:25.936 align:center
in my earlier video that proves

00:38:25.996 --> 00:38:27.978 align:center
that the shroud existed well before

00:38:28.038 --> 00:38:30.461 align:center
medieval times, and that it directly

00:38:30.501 --> 00:38:32.102 align:center
connects to the time and place

00:38:32.182 --> 00:38:34.444 align:center
of the crucifixion and resurrection of

00:38:34.524 --> 00:38:34.925 align:center
Jesus.

00:38:36.292 --> 00:38:38.855 align:center
Somehow, the contrived conclusion that the

00:38:38.895 --> 00:38:41.377 align:center
Shroud is a medieval forgery based

00:38:41.477 --> 00:38:44.140 align:center
upon this deeply flawed radiocarbon test

00:38:44.400 --> 00:38:46.602 align:center
and its manipulated results has gained

00:38:46.722 --> 00:38:47.923 align:center
widespread acceptance.

00:38:48.984 --> 00:38:50.966 align:center
Of all the mysteries associated with

00:38:51.046 --> 00:38:54.530 align:center
this extraordinary relic, this travesty is

00:38:54.590 --> 00:38:56.512 align:center
perhaps the greatest enigma of all.

00:39:12.768 --> 00:39:12.950 align:center
you